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  1. Apartheid 1 0 Lxde I686 Isoniazid 7

Isoniazid and rifampin are antibiotics that fight bacteria.

Isoniazid and rifampin is a combination medicine used to treat tuberculosis (TB).

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Isoniazid and rifampin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

You should not use isoniazid and rifampin if you have active liver disease (including hepatitis or cirrhosis), or a history of liver problems caused by taking isoniazid.

Apartheid 1 0 Lxde I686 Isoniazid 7

Serious and sometimes fatal liver problems may occur during treatment with isoniazid and rifampin or after you stop taking this medication, even months after stopping. The risk of liver problems is highest in adults between the ages of 35 and 65. Your liver function may need to be checked every month while you are taking this medicine.

Call your doctor right away if you have: nausea, upper stomach pain, loss of appetite, and unusual weakness or tiredness.

Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of liver damage while you are taking isoniazid and rifampin.

You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to isoniazid or rifampin, or if you have active liver disease (including hepatitis or cirrhosis), or a history of liver problems caused by taking isoniazid.

To make sure isoniazid and rifampin is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have:

  • liver disease;
  • kidney disease;
  • diabetes;
  • gout;
  • seizures; or
  • if you drink alcohol every day.

Serious and sometimes fatal liver problems may occur during treatment with isoniazid and rifampin or after you stop taking this medication, even months after stopping. The risk of liver problems is highest in adults between the ages of 35 and 65. Your liver function may need to be checked every month while you are taking this medicine.

It is not known whether isoniazid and rifampin will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication.

Isoniazid and rifampin can make birth control pills less effective. Ask your doctor about using non hormonal birth control (condom, diaphragm with spermicide) to prevent pregnancy while taking isoniazid and rifampin.

Isoniazid and rifampin can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

(Redirected from Isoniazide)
Isoniazid
Clinical data
Trade namesHydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, other
Synonymsisonicotinic acid hydrazide, isonicotinyl hydrazine, INHA
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682401
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		by mouth, intramuscular, intravenous
ATC code
  • J04AC01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein bindingVery low (0–10%)
Metabolismliver; CYP450: 2C19, 3A4 inhibitor
Elimination half-life0.5–1.6h (fast acetylators), 2-5h (slow acetylators)
Excretionurine (primarily), feces
Identifiers
  • Pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
CAS Number
  • 54-85-3
PubChemCID
DrugBank
  • DB00951
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:6030
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
ECHA InfoCard
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6H7N3O
Molar mass137.139 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(NN)c1ccncc1
  • InChI=1S/C6H7N3O/c7-9-6(10)5-1-3-8-4-2-5/h1-4H,7H2,(H,9,10)
(verify)
Isoniazid

Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinylhydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.[1] For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol.[2] For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself.[1] It may also be used for atypical types of mycobacteria, such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi.[1] It is usually taken by mouth but may be used by injection into muscle.[1]

Common side effect include increased blood levels of liver enzymes and numbness in the hands and feet.[1] Serious side effects may include liver inflammation.[1] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.[3] Use during breastfeeding is likely safe.[3]Pyridoxine may be given to reduce the risk of side effects.[4] Isoniazid works in part by disrupting the formation of the bacteria's cell wall which results in cell death.[1]

Isoniazid was first made in 1952.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[6] Isoniazid is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.60–4.75 per month.[7] In the United States a month of treatment costs less than $25.[4]

  • 1Medical uses
  • 9Other uses

Medical uses[edit]

Tuberculosis[edit]

Isoniazid is often used to treat latent and active tuberculosis infections. In persons with isoniazid-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, drug regimens based on isoniazid are usually effective when persons adhere to the prescribed treatment. However, in persons with isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, drug regimens based on isoniazid have a high rate of failure.[8]

Isoniazid has been approved as prophylactic therapy for the following populations:

  • People with HIV infection and a PPD (purified protein derivative) reaction of at least 5 mm induration
  • Contacts of people with tuberculosis and who have a PPD reaction at least 5 mm induration
  • People whose PPD reactions convert from negative to positive in a two-year period – at least 10 mm induration for those up to 35 years of age, and at least 15 mm induration for those at least 35 years old
  • People with pulmonary damage on their chest X-ray that is likely to be due to healed tuberculosis and also have a PPD reaction at least 5 mm induration
  • Injection drug users whose HIV status is negative who have a PPD reaction at least 10 mm induration
  • People with a PPD of greater than or equal to 10 mm induration who are foreign-born from high prevalence geographical regions, low-income populations, and patients residing in long-term facilities[9][10]

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria[edit]

Isoniazid was widely used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex as part of a regimen including rifampicin and ethambutol.[11] Evidence suggests that isoniazid prevents mycolic acid synthesis in M. avium complex as in M. tuberculosis[12] and although this is not bactericidal to M. avium complex, it greatly potentiates the effect of rifampicin. The introduction of macrolides led to this use greatly decreasing. However, since rifampicin is broadly underdosed in M. avium complex treatment this effect may be worth re-investigating.[13]

Special populations[edit]

It is recommended that women with active tuberculosis who are pregnant or breastfeeding take isoniazid. Preventive therapy should be delayed until after giving birth.[14] Nursing mothers excrete a relatively low and non-toxic concentration of INH in breast milk, and their babies are at low risk for side effects. Both pregnant women and infants being breastfed by mothers taking INH should take vitamin B6 in its pyridoxine form to minimize the risk of peripheral nerve damage.[15]Vitamin B6 is used to prevent isoniazid-induced B6 deficiency and neuropathy in people with a risk factor, such as pregnancy, lactation, HIV infection, alcoholism, diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition.[16]

People with liver dysfunction are at a higher risk for hepatitis caused by INH, and may need a lower dose.[14]

Levels of liver enzymes in the bloodstream should be frequently checked in daily alcohol drinkers, pregnant women, IV drug users, people over 35, and those who have chronic liver disease, severe kidney dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy, or HIV infection since they are more likely to develop hepatitis from INH.[14][17]

Side effects[edit]

Up to 20% of people taking isoniazid experience peripheral neuropathy when taking doses of 6 mg/kg of weight daily or higher.[18] Gastrointestinal reactions include nausea and vomiting.[9] Aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis due to lack of production of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells by the bone marrow respectively, can also occur.[9] Hypersensitivity reactions are also common and can present with a maculopapular rash and fever.[9]

Asymptomatic elevation of serum liver enzyme concentrations occurs in 10% to 20% of people taking INH, and liver enzyme concentrations usually return to normal even when treatment is continued.[19] Isoniazid has a boxed warning for severe and sometimes fatal hepatitis, which is age-dependent at a rate of 0.3% in people 21 to 35 years old and over 2% in those over age 50.[9][20] Symptoms suggestive of liver toxicity include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, right upper quadrant pain, and loss of appetite.[9] Black and Hispanic women are at higher risk for isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity.[9] When it happens, isoniazid-induced liver toxicity has been shown to occur in 50% of patients within the first 2 months of therapy.[21]

Some recommend that liver function should be monitored carefully in all people receiving it,[22] but others recommend monitoring only in certain populations.[19][23][24]

Headache, poor concentration, weight gain, poor memory, insomnia, and depression have all been associated with isoniazid use.[25] All patients and healthcare workers should be aware of these serious side effects, especially if suicidal ideation or behavior are suspected.[25][26][27]

Isoniazid is associated with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency because of its similar structure. Isoniazid is also associated with increased excretion of pyridoxine. Pyridoxal phosphate (a derivative of pyridoxine) is required for d-aminolevulinic acid synthase, the enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in heme synthesis. Therefore, isoniazid-induced pyridoxine deficiency causes insufficient heme formation in early red blood cells, leading to sideroblastic anemia.[16]

Drug interactions[edit]

People taking isoniazid and acetaminophen are at risk of acetaminophen toxicity. Isoniazid is thought to induce a liver enzyme which causes a larger amount of acetaminophen to be metabolized to a toxic form.[28][29]

Isoniazid decreases the metabolism of carbamazepine, thus slowing down its clearance from the body. People taking carbamazepine should have their carbamazepine levels monitored and, if necessary, have their dose adjusted accordingly.[30]

It is possible that isoniazid may decrease the serum levels of ketoconazole after long term treatment. This is seen with the simultaneous use of rifampin, isoniazid, and ketoconazole.[31]

Isoniazid may increase the amount of phenytoin in the body. The doses of phenytoin may need to be adjusted when given with isoniazid.[32][33]

Isoniazid may increase the plasma levels of theophylline. There are some cases of theophylline slowing down isoniazid elimination. Both theophylline and isoniazid levels should be monitored.[34]

Valproate levels may increase when taken with isoniazid. Valproate levels should be monitored and its dose adjusted if necessary.[32]

Mechanism of action[edit]

Isoniazid is a prodrug that inhibits the formation of the mycobacterial cell wall. Isoniazid must be activated by a bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis called KatG.[35] KatG catalyzes the formation of the isonicotinic acyl radical, which spontaneously couples with NADH to form the nicotinoyl-NAD adduct. This complex binds tightly to the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase InhA, thereby blocking the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate and the action of fatty acid synthase. This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are required components of the mycobacterial cell wall. A range of radicals are produced by KatG activation of isoniazid, including nitric oxide,[36] which has also been shown to be important in the action of another antimycobacterial prodrug pretomanid.[37]

Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacteria are slow-growing.[38] It inhibits the cytochrome P450 system and hence acts as a source of free radicals.[39]

Isoniazid is a mild monoamine oxidase inhibitor(MAO-I). [40]

Metabolism[edit]

Isoniazid reaches therapeutic concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and within caseous granulomas. It is metabolized in the liver via acetylation into acetylhydrazine. Two forms of the enzyme are responsible for acetylation, so some patients metabolize the drug more quickly than others. Hence, the half-life is bimodal, with 'slow acetylators' and 'fast acetylators'. A graph of number of people versus time shows peaks at one and three hours. The height of the peaks depends on the ethnicities of the people being tested. The metabolites are excreted in the urine. Doses do not usually have to be adjusted in case of renal failure.

History[edit]

Three pharmaceutical companies unsuccessfully attempted to patent the drug at the same time,[41] the most prominent one being Roche, which launched its version, Rimifon, in 1952.[42] With the introduction of isoniazid, a cure for tuberculosis was first considered possible.

The drug was first tested at Many Farms, a Navajo community, due to the Navajo reservation's tuberculosis problem and because the population had not previously been treated with streptomycin, the main tuberculosis treatment at the time.[43]

Isoniazid, along with iproniazid – a related drug – were among the first drugs to be referred to as antidepressants.[44]

Preparation[edit]

Isoniazid is a isonicotinic acidderivative. It is manufactured using 4-cyanopyridine and hydrazine hydrate.[45] In another method, isoniazid was claimed to have been made from citric acid starting material.[46]

Brand names[edit]

Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, Laniazid, Nydrazid, Rimifon, and Stanozide.[47]

Other uses[edit]

Chromatography[edit]

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide is also used in chromatography to differentiate between various degrees of conjugation in organic compounds barring the ketonefunctional group.[48] The test works by forming a hydrazone which can be detected by its bathochromic shift.

Dogs[edit]

While isoniazid may be used in dogs there are concerns it can also cause seizures.[49]

References[edit]

  1. ^ abcdefghi'Isoniazid'. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  2. ^WHO Model Formulary 2008(PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. p. 136. ISBN9789241547659. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  3. ^ ab'Isoniazid (Nydrazid) Use During Pregnancy'. www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  4. ^ abHamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 49. ISBN9781284057560.
  5. ^Walker, S. R. (2012). Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. ISBN9789400926592. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  6. ^'WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)'(PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  7. ^'Isoniazid'. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  8. ^Gegia M, Winters N, Benedetti A, van Soolingen D, Menzies D (February 2017). 'Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis with first-line drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis'. Lancet Infect Dis. 17 (2): 223–234. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30407-8. PMID27865891.
  9. ^ abcdefg'Isoniazid (package insert)'. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  10. ^'The Use of Preventive Therapy for Tuberculosis Infection in the United States – Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 39 (RR-8): 9–12. May 18, 1990. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  11. ^Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society (2001). 'First randomised trial of treatments for pulmonary disease caused by M avium intracellulare, M malmoense, and M xenopi in HIV negative patients: Rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid versus rifampicin and ethambutol'. Thorax. 56 (3): 167–72. doi:10.1136/thorax.56.3.167. PMC1758783. PMID11182006.
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  14. ^ abc'DailyMed - ISONIAZID- isoniazid tablet'.
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  22. ^'DailyMed – Isoniazid – isoniazid tablet'. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2015-11-05.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
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  31. ^Baciewicz, A.M.; Baciewicz Jr., F.A. (September 13, 1993). 'Ketoconazole and fluconazole drug interactions'. Archives of Internal Medicine. 153 (17): 1970–1976. doi:10.1001/archinte.153.17.1970. PMID8357281.
  32. ^ abJonville, A.P.; Gauchez, A.S.; Autret, E.; Billard, C.; Barbier, P.; Nsabiyumva, F.; Breteau, M. (1991). 'Interaction between isoniazid and valproate: a case of valproate overdosage'. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 40 (2): 197–198. doi:10.1007/BF00280078 (inactive 2019-08-20). PMID2065702.
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  36. ^Timmins, G.S.; Master, S; Rusnak, F.; Deretic, V. (August 2004). 'Nitric oxide generated from isoniazid activation by KatG: source of nitric oxide and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis'. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 48 (8): 3006–3009. doi:10.1128/AAC.48.8.3006-3009.2004. PMC478481. PMID15273113.
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  48. ^Smith, L.L.; Foell, Theodore (1959). 'Differentiation of Δ4-3-Ketosteroids and Δ1,4-3-Ketosteroids with Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide'. Analytical Chemistry. 31 (1): 102–105. doi:10.1021/ac60145a020.
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External links[edit]

  • Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis (2000) Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
See Chapter 6, Treatment of LTBI Regimens – Isoniazid::
See Chapter 7 – Treatment of TB Disease Monitoring – Adverse Reactions to First-line TB Drugs – Isoniazid::
See Table 5 First-Line Anti-TB Medications
  • Isoniazid Overdose: Recognition and Management American Family Physician 1998 Feb 15
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isoniazid&oldid=911610476'